2. Terminology

2. 术语

In this section we first summarize some middlebox terms. We focus hereon the two kinds of middleboxes that commonly cause problems for P2P applications.

在这一章节中，首先概要的介绍一下“代理”技术的一些术语。然后集中讨论两种造成P2P应用问题的代理机制。

Firewall

A firewall restricts communication between a private internal network and the public Internet, typically by dropping packets that are deemed unauthorized.  A firewall examines but does not modify the IP address and TCP/UDP port information in packets crossing the boundary.

防火墙

防火墙限制了私网与公网的通信，它主要是将（防火墙）认为未经授权的的包丢弃，防火墙只是检验包的数据，并不修改数据包中的IP地址和TCP/UDP端口信息。

Network Address Translator (NAT)

A network address translator not only examines but also modifies the header information in packets flowing across the boundary, allowing many hosts behind the NAT to share the use of a smaller number of public IP addresses (often one). Network address translators in turn have two main varieties:

网络地址转换（NAT）

当有数据包通过时，网络地址转换器不仅检查包的信息，还要将包头中的IP地址和端口信息进行修改。以使得处于NAT之后的机器共享几个仅有的公网IP地址（通常是一个）。网络地址转换器主要有两种类型：

Basic NAT

A Basic NAT maps an internal host's private IP address to a public IP address without changing the TCP/UDP port numbers in packets crossing the boundary.  Basic NAT is generally only useful when the NAT has a pool of public IP addresses from which to make address bindings on behalf of internal hosts.

基础NAT

基础NAT 将私网主机的私有IP地址转换成公网IP地址，但并不将TCP/UDP端口信息进行转换。基础NAT一般用在当NAT拥有很多公网IP地址的时候，它将公网IP地址与内部主机进行绑定，使得外部可以用公网IP地址访问内部主机。（译者注：实际上是只将IP转换，192.168.0.23 <-> 210.42.106.35,这与直接设置IP地址为公网IP还是有一定区别的，特别是对于企业来说，外部的信息都要经过统一防火墙才能到达内部，但是内部